Hayashi T, Kawashima S, Itoh H, et al, for the Japan CDM Group. Low HDL cholesterol is associated with the risk of stroke in elderly diabetic individuals: changes in the risk for atherosclerotic diseases at various ages. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1221-1223. To clarify the relationship between lipid levels and ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in diabetic individuals.

Ogawa H, Nakayama M, Morimoto T, Uemura S, et al, for the Japanese Primary Prevention of Atherosclerosis With Aspirin for Diabetes (JPAD) Trial Investigators. Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300(18):2134-2141. Previous trials have investigated the effects of low-dose aspirin on primary prevention of cardiovascular events, but not in patients with type 2 diabetes.

D'Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, Kannel WB. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117(6):743-53. Separate multivariable risk algorithms are commonly used to assess risk of specific atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, ie, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure. The present report presents a single multivariable risk function that predicts risk of developing all CVD and of its constituents.

Irons BK, Greene RS, Mazzolini TA, Edwards KL, Sleeper RB. Implications of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone on cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26:168-181. Clinical data suggest that thiazolidinediones--specifically, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone--may improve cardiovascular risk factors through multiple mechanisms. Low insulin sensitivity has been described as an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease. 

Brown LC, Johnson JA, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, McAlister FA. Evidence of suboptimal management of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and symptomatic atherosclerosis. CMAJ. 2004;171:1189-1192. Given that most deaths among patients with diabetes mellitus are due to cardiovascular disease, we sought to determine the extent to which medications proven to reduce cardiovascular mortality are prescribed for patients with type 2 diabetes who have symptomatic atherosclerosis

Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M; STOP-NIDDM Trial Research Group. Acarbose Treatment and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance: The STOP-NIDDM Trial. JAMA. 2003;290:486-494. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of decreasing postprandial hyperglycemia with acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, on the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

Brandle M, Zhou H, Smith BRK, et al. The Direct Medical Cost of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2300-2304. To describe the direct medical costs associated with type 2 diabetes, as well as its treatments, complications, and comorbidities.

Kamoi K, Miyakoshi M, Soda S, Kaneko S, Nakagawa O. Usefulness of Home Blood Pressure Measurement in the Morning in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:2218-2223. Recently, repeated home blood pressure (HBP) measurements in the morning for a long period have been shown to have a stronger predictive power for mortality in patients with hypertension than occasional casual/clinic blood pressure (CBP) measurements. We studied whether HBP in the morning in type 2 diabetic patients is useful for prediction of diabetic complications.