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| 4S | |
Abbreviation for Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Related Slides: | |
| a-cells | |
| Cells found in the pancreas that secrete glucagon. In patients with type 2 diabetes, alpha cells often hypersecrete glucagon. | |
| a-glucosidase | |
| An enzyme that catalyzes the release of glucose from certain types of carbohydrates known as glucosides. | |
| a-glucosidase inhibitor | |
| A pharmacologic agent that inhibits the activity of a-glucosidase. Oral use of these agents results in a significant delay in the digestion of carbohydrates, with a significant decrease in the rise in plasma glucose after a mixed carbohydrate meal. | |
| A1C | |
| Formerly HbA1c. An abbreviation for hemoglobin A1C. (See glycosylated hemoglobin.) | |
| abciximab | |
| A glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor agonist that inhibits platelet aggregation. | |
| acanthosis nigricans | |
| A skin disease characterized by a hyperpigmentation and thickening of the skin. It may be associated with severe hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. | |
| acarbose | |
| An a-glucosidase inhibitor used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. (See a-glucosidase inhibitor). | |
| Acarbose | |
| Acarbose (Precose®) is indicated as monotherapy as an adjunct to diet and exercise to lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes whose cannot be controlled by diet and exercise alone. may also be used in combination with a when diet and exercise plus either or a does not result in adequate glycemic control. In addition, may be used in combination with or metformin. | |
| ACCORD | |
Full Name: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ACCORD was designed to determine 1) whether lowering blood glucose to a level closer to normal than called for in current guidelines reduces cardiovascular (CVD) risk (2) the effects of lowering blood pressure in the context of good blood sugar control, and (3) the effects of lowering LDL cholesterol and blood triglycerides and increasing HDL cholesterol compared to an intervention that only lowers LDL cholesterol, all in the context of good blood sugar control. | |
| ACE | |
| Abbreviation for angiotensin-converting enzyme. | |
| ACE inhibitor | |
| See angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. | |
| ACT NOW | |
Full Name: Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel assignment, safety/efficacy study designed to examine whether pioglitazone versus placebo can reduce the conversion rate of impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus. ACT NOW commenced in 2004. A total of 600 participants were expected to enroll in this study. | |
| ADA Guidelines | |
| Published annually in the journal Diabetes Care, these are diabetes-related clinical practice recommendations developed by the American Diabetes Association. They are one of the gold standards upon which diabetes care and treatment are based. | |
| adipose tissue | |
| A collection of fat cells. | |
| ADMIRAL | |
| Abbreviation for Abciximab before Direct Angioplasty and Stenting in Myocardial Infarction Regarding Acute and Long-Term Follow-up. | |
| adrenaline | |
| See epinephrine. | |
| adrenergic | |
| Refers to a type of nerve fiber of the autonomic nervous system. | |
| adrenergic blocking agent | |
|
A class of drugs that inhibit the interaction of neurotransmitters with certain nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system. Administered to alleviate hypertension and other conditions, these drugs decrease the heart rate and force of heart contractions. | |
| advanced glycosylation endproduct (AGE) | |
| The nonenzymatic glycosylation of protein exposed to hyperglycemic blood for long periods results in formation of AGE. AGEs accumulate over time and induce cross-linking of collagen and other matrix proteins in vascular walls and other tissues. LDLs can then become covalently trapped and accumulate. AGEs in vascular walls may also contribute to thickening, loss of elasticity, and increased permeability of the vascular wall. AGEs stimulate the release of cytokines and induce cell proliferation and inflammatory effects. | |
| AFCAPS/TexCAPS | |
| Abbreviation for Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. | |
| AGE | |
| Abbreviation for advanced glycosylation endproduct. | |
| alanine transaminase and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | |
| Alanine transaminase, also called alanine aminotransferase, is an enzyme that is released into the plasma by liver cell death, a normal occurrence. When liver cell death increases, ALT levels rise above the normal range. The spillover of this enzyme into blood is measured as a marker of abnormal liver-cell damage. | |
| albumin | |
| albuminuria | |
| Appearance of albumin in the urine. Some albumin normally appears in the urine. Increased albumin excretion above normal may be a sign of kidney disease, often a complication of diabetes. | |
| aldosterone | |
| A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland. Aldosterone acts on the kidney to retain sodium ions and water and excrete potassium and hydrogen ions. Aldosterone secretion is increased by angiotensin II. | |
| ALLHAT | |
| Abbreviation for Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. | |
| ALT | |
| Abbreviation for alanine transaminase and alanine aminotransferase. | |
| Amaryl | |
| (Glimepiride:Amaryl; Glipizide:Glucotrol; Glyburide:DiaBeta, Micronase, Glynase) A type of oral antidiabetic drug that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreatic ß-cells. First-Generation Agents Tolbutamide (Orinase®), tolazamide (Tolinase®), or chlorpropamide (Diabinese®). Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes whose cannot be controlled by diet and exercise alone. Tolbutamide, tolazamide, or chlorpropamide may be used in combination with when monotherapy fails to reduce symptoms and/or blood glucose levels. Second-Generation Agents Glipizide (Glucotrol®), glyburide, or glimepiride. Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes whose cannot be controlled by diet and exercise alone. Glipizide, glyburide, or may be used in combination with when monotherapy fails to reduce symptoms and/or blood glucose levels. | |
| amyloid | |
| Protein deposits seen at autopsy in the pancreatic b-cells of up to 90% of patients with type 2 diabetes. | |
| angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) | |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers are medications that modulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. These drugs block the action of angiotensin II, permitting the blood vessels to relax and dilate, which lowers blood pressure. ARBs are primarily used for the treatment of hypertension when ACE inhibitor therapy cannot be tolerated by the patient. | |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | |
| A protein that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is the active form of angiotensin and plays an important role in vasoconstriction. The action of angiotensin II results in an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate. | |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | |
| A protein found in the serum that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This results in a decrease in sodium and water retention and a decrease in blood pressure. ACE-inhibitors are used to treat hypertension, a frequent concomitant of diabetes, as well as other conditions. | |
| Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT) | |
| The ASCOT multicenter trial compared two antihypertensive treatment strategies to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD) in hypertensive patients (N=19,342) with no history of CHD. | |
| Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA) | |
| The lipid-lowering arm of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study undertaken to examine whether lipid lowering with a statin provides additional benefits in treated hypertensive patients with total cholesterol concentrations not conventionally considered dyslipidemic. Despite the presence of 3 or more risk factors, these patients were deemed to be at moderate cardiovascular risk. The primary endpoint was nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) (including silent MI) and fatal coronary heart disease. | |
| antibody | |
| A protein product of the lymphocyte cells of the blood that is produced in response to a foreign substance called an antigen. | |
| Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) | |
| This study compared lisinopril (an ACE inhibitor) and amlodipine (a calcium channel blocker) with chlorthalidone (a thiazide-type diuretic) to measure their efficacy in reducing clinical complications in normoglycemic (n=17,012) patients, patients with impaired fasting glucose (n=1,399), or with type 2 diabetes (n=13,101). The primary outcome measure was incidence of fatal coronary heart disease and nonfatal myocardial infarction. | |
| apoB | |
|
Abbreviation for apolipoprotein B. | |
| apoE | |
| Abbreviation for apolipoprotein E. | |
| apolipoprotein B (apoB) | |
|
The B apolipoproteins occur primarily in LDL and in lesser amounts in chylomicrons. | |
| apolipoprotein E (apoE) | |
| A class of apolipoprotein that occurs primarily in HDL and in lesser amounts in chylomicrons. Apo E is the activator of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which forms cholesteryl esters in HDL. | |
| apoptosis | |
| Programmed cell death. It is the body’s normal method of disposing of damaged, unwanted, or unneeded cells. | |
| ARB | |
| Abbreviation for angiotensin receptor blocker. | |
| ARIC | |
| Abbreviation for Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. | |
| arteriosclerosis | |
| A group of diseases (including atherosclerosis) in which the arterial walls become thickened and lose elasticity. It is often associated with hypertension and diabetes. | |
| ASCOT | |
| Abbreviation for Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. | |
| ASCOT-LLA | |
| Abbreviation for Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid-Lowering Arm. | |
| aspartate transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | |
| Aspartate transaminase, also called aspartate aminotransferase, is an enzyme normally present in the liver, heart, and other tissues. A high level of AST released into the blood may be a sign of liver or heart damage, or other diseases. | |
| aspirin | |
| Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (acetosal) is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (to relieve minor aches and pains), antipyretic (to reduce fever), and as an anti-inflammatory. It also has an antiplatelet ("blood-thinning") effect and is used in long-term, low doses to prevent heart attacks and thrombus formation in hypercoaguable states (e.g.in cancer). | |
| ASSENT-3 | |
| Abbreviation for Assessment of Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Regimen. | |
| AST | |
| Abbreviation for aspartate transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase. | |
| atherogenesis | |
| The formation of atheromatous lesions in the arterial intima. | |
| atherosclerosis | |
| A disorder of the arteries in which deposits (plaques) of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris line the inner layers of arterial walls. It is a major cause of serious heart disease and is associated with increasing age, obesity, tobacco use, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. | |
| autoimmune disease | |
| An immunologic disorder that results in the production of antibodies that react against an individual's own cells or cell products. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is often associated with autoantibody production, resulting in the destruction of the b-cells of the pancreas. | |
| autonomic nervous system | |
| The part of the nervous system involved in the regulation of involuntary functions. These include the activities of the heart and glands. | |
| b-adrenergic blocking agent | |
| A class of drugs that inhibit the interaction of neurotransmitters with certain nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system. Administered to alleviate hypertension and other conditions, these drugs decrease the heart rate and force of heart contractions. | |
| b-blocker | |
| See b-adrenergic blocking agent. | |
| b-cells | |
| The insulin and amylin producing cells in the pancreas. These cells fail as type 2 diabetes progresses in the body. | |
| BARI | |
| Abbreviation for Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation. | |
| BARI 2D | |
Full Name: Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 Diabetics The BARI 2D trial was a multicenter study that used a 2x2 factorial design, with patients assigned at randomization to initial elective revascularization with aggressive medical therapy or aggressive medical therapy alone with equal probability, and simultaneously assigned at randomization to an insulin providing or insulin sensitizing strategy of glycemic control (with a target value for A1C of <7.0% for all patients). This study was designed to determine in patients with type 2 diabetes and stable CAD: 1) the efficacy of initial elective coronary revascularization combined with aggressive medical therapy, compared to an initial strategy of aggressive medical therapy alone; and 2) the efficacy of a strategy of providing more insulin (endogenous or exogenous), versus a strategy of increasing sensitivity to insulin (reducing insulin resistance), in the management of hyperglycemia, with a target A1C level of < 7.0% for each strategy. BARI 2D commenced in 2000. A total of 2,800 patients were expected to enroll in this study. | |
| biguanide | |
| An antidiabetic agent that acts mainly by suppressing hepatic glucose production and does not directly affect insulin production. | |
| BIP | |
| Abbreviation for Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention. | |
| blood glucose level | |
| The concentration of glucose (“blood sugar”) in the bloodstream. Blood glucose levels are usually determined after an overnight fast, but can also be determined randomly or at set times after the ingestion of glucose. A fasting plasma glucose level of less than 100 mg/dL is considered normal. Elevated levels of glucose may be indicative of diabetes mellitus. (See fasting plasma glucose test, hyperglycemia, oral glucose tolerance test.) | |
| BMI | |
| Abbreviation for body mass index. | |
| body mass index (BMI) | |
| A calculated value (kg/m2) that describes weight in kilograms (kg) in relation to square of the height in meters (m). | |
| BUN | |
| Abbreviation for blood urea nitrogen. A measure of the kidneys' ability to excrete urea, the chief waste product of protein breakdown. | |
| Byetta | |
Exenatide is an injectable drug that reduces the level of glucose in the blood. It is used for treating type 2 diabetes. Exenatide belongs in a class of drugs called incretin mimetics. Exenatide (Byetta®) is indicated as adjunctive therapy to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 who are taking metformin, a sulfonylurea, a thiazolidinedione, a combination of metformin and a sulfonylurea, or a combination of metformin and a thiazolidinedione, but have not achieved adequate glycemic control. | |
| C-peptide | |
|
A by-product of insulin production. Plasma C-peptide has a longer half-life than insulin and is often used to provide an indication of endogenous insulin secretion. | |
| C-reactive protein | |
|
C-reactive protein is an indicator of acute inflammation and is produced by the liver. | |
| CABG | |
|
Abbreviation for coronary artery bypass grafting. | |
| CAD | |
| Abbreviation for coronary artery disease. | |
| CADILLAC | |
| Abbreviation for Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications. | |
| calcium channel blocker (CCB) | |
| Antihypertensive agent. | |
| cardiac index (CI) | |
| A measure of the cardiac output of a patient per square meter of body surface area. It is obtained by dividing the cardiac output in liters per minute by the body surface area. Normal range for a healthy adult is 2.8 to 4.2 L/min/m2. | |
| cardiomyopathy | |
| Primary noninflammatory disease of the heart muscle, often of obscure or unknown etiology and not the result of ischemic, hypertensive, congenital, valvular, or pericardal disease. | |
| cardiovascular disease (CVD) | |
| Disease of the heart and blood vessels. | |
| CARDS | |
| Abbreviation for Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study. | |
| CCB | |
| Abbreviation for calcium channel blocker. | |
| CHARM | |
| Abbreviation for Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity. | |
| CHD | |
| Abbreviation for coronary heart disease. | |
| CHICAGO | |
Full Name: A Study of Pioglitazone HCl Versus Glimepiride in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Measuring the Progression of Atherosclerosis (CHICAGO) A double-blind, randomized, comparator-controlled study in subjects with type 2 diabetes comparing the effects of pioglitazone HCl versus glimepiride on the rate of progression of atherosclerotic disease as measured by carotid intima-media thickness. This study commenced in 2003. A total of 462 participants were expected to enroll in this study. | |
| cholesterol | |
| A waxy lipid. Cholesterol circulates in the blood as part of a lipoprotein complex. High cholesterol levels put one at increased risk for atherosclerosis. (See high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.) | |
| CHS | |
| Abbreviation for Cardiovascular Health Study. | |
| chylomicron | |
| A globule of lipoprotein in the serum measuring less than 0.5 mm in diameter and consisting predominantly of triglycerides. Chylomicrons transport fat from the intestine to the liver or adipose tissue. | |
| CI | |
| Abbreviation for cardiac index. | |
| coagulation | |
| The sequential process by which multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot. | |
| Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) | |
| The Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study was a primary cardiovascular prevention study using atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients aged 40 to 75 years were randomized to atorvastatin 10 mg (n=1,428) or placebo (n=1,410) given once daily. The primary endpoint was occurrence of first acute cardiovascular event. | |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | |
| A failing heart leads to congestion in the pulmonary or systemic circulation or both. | |
| continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) | |
| The use of a battery-powered pump system to deliver insulin into body via a needle or catheter placed in the subcutaneous tissue. It can be used by patients with type 1 diabetes as an alternative to daily injections of insulin. (See insulin pump.) | |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | |
| A disorder of the arteries of the heart, usually resulting from atherosclerosis. Deposits of plaque on the arterial wall cause narrowing of the lumen, thus preventing an adequate flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. | |
| coronary heart disease (CHD) | |
| Disease of the arteries around and supplying blood to the heart muscle. | |
| CREATE-ECLA | |
| Abbreviation for Clinical Trial of Reviparin and Metabolic Modulation in Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment Evaluation-Estudios Cardiologicos Latin America. | |
| creatinine clearance test | |
| A diagnostic measurement of kidney function used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate. Creatinine is a metabolic breakdown product of creatine and is found in the blood and urine. Normal blood levels range between 0.5 and 1.2 mg/dL. | |
| CRP | |
| Abbreviation for C-reactive protein. | |
| CSII | |
| Abbreviation for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. | |
| CVD | |
| Abbreviation for cardiovascular disease. | |
| dawn phenomenon | |
| A tendency for the body to require more insulin in the early hours of the morning than during the late evening and nighttime. | |
| DBP | |
| Abbreviation for diastolic blood pressure. | |
| DCCT | |
| Abbreviation for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. | |
| DiaBeta | |
| (Glimepiride:Amaryl; Glipizide:Glucotrol; Glyburide:DiaBeta, Micronase, Glynase) A type of oral antidiabetic drug that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreatic ß-cells. First-Generation Agents Tolbutamide (Orinase®), tolazamide (Tolinase®), or chlorpropamide (Diabinese®). Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes whose cannot be controlled by diet and exercise alone. Tolbutamide, tolazamide, or chlorpropamide may be used in combination with when monotherapy fails to reduce symptoms and/or blood glucose levels. Second-Generation Agents Glipizide (Glucotrol®), glyburide, or glimepiride. Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes whose cannot be controlled by diet and exercise alone. Glipizide, glyburide, or may be used in combination with when monotherapy fails to reduce symptoms and/or blood glucose levels. | |
| Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) | |
| A 10-year study of more than 1,400 people with type 1 diabetes that was sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. It showed that team management to achieve tight blood glucose control significantly reduces the risk of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. | |
| diabetes mellitus | |
| A disease of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism brought on by relative or absolute insulin deficiency. The disease is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which can result in damage to the kidneys, eyes, heart, blood vessels, and other organs. (See type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes.) | |
| Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) | |
| The US Diabetes Prevention Program was designed to compare incidence rates of diabetes among groups of individuals (N=3,234) with impaired glucose tolerance randomized to placebo, intensive lifestyle modification with diet and exercise, or metformin. | |
| diabetic coma | |
| A life-threatening condition of decompensated diabetes mellitus. Diabetic coma can result from severe hyperglycemia and dehydration with our without diabetic ketoacidosis (See diabetic ketoacidosis). Unless treated immediately with insulin and fluid and electrolyte replacement, the person will not survive. | |
| diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) | |
| A disorder of acid-base balance in which severe or absolute insulin deficiency leads to unrestrained lipolysis and ketone body production that leads to accumulation of keto-acids in the bloodstream and acidosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis is usually associated with other electrolyte and fluid imbalances. The condition is fatal if not treated with fluids, electrolytes, and insulin (See diabetic coma.) | |
| diabetic nephropathy | |
| Kidney disease resulting from years of poorly controlled diabetes. The main disease occurs in the glomerulus, where there is basement membrane thickening and mesangial overgrowth leading to proteinuria and reduced glomerular filtration, respectively. Some renal tubular disease may be found as well. | |
| diabetic neuropathy | |
| Damage to the nervous system resulting from poorly controlled diabetes. Four different forms of neuropathy can be distinguished: peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, mononeuritis simplex, and polyradiculopathy, The first two forms are much more common that the second two. Peripheral neuropathy affects the motor and sensory nerves that control sensation and motor tone. Autonomic neuropathy affects the nerves involved in such involuntary functions as digestion. | |
| diabetic retinopathy | |
| Damage to retinal capillaries resulting from poorly controlled diabetes that can cause vision problems, including blindness. | |
| Diabinese | |
Sulfonylurea (Glimepiride:Amaryl; Glipizide:Glucotrol; Glyburide:DiaBeta, Micronase, Glynase) A type of oral antidiabetic drug that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreatic ß-cells. | |
| dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) | |
| A naturally occurring enzyme responsible for the inactivation of GLP-1, as well as numerous other proteins. | |
| dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor | |
| A new class of agents under development that inhibit the activity of DPP- IV. | |
| DKA | |
| Abbreviation for diabetic ketoacidosis. | |
| DPP | |
| Abbreviation for Diabetes Prevention Program. | |
| DPP-IV | |
| Abbreviation for dipeptidyl peptidase-IV. | |
| DREAM | |
|
Full name: The DREAM (Diabetes Reduction Assessment With Ramipril and Rosiglitazone Medication) Trial | |
| dyslipidemia | |
| An abnormal profile of blood lipids. The characteristic dyslipidemia associated with insulin resistance and poorly controlled diabetes includes high levels of triglycerides, low levels of HDL-C, and partitioning of LDL-C into relatively small and dense particles. | |
| EDIC | |
| Abbreviation for Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study. | |
| end-stage renal disease (ESRD) | |
| The most severe, fully developed phase of renal disease, in which the kidneys have lost so much function that dialysis or kidney transplantation is needed for patient survival. | |
| endogenous insulin | |
| Insulin secreted by the pancreatic b-cells. In patients with type 1 diabetes, endogenous insulin is virtually undetectable because of immune damage to the b-cell. Patients with type 2 diabetes have detectable insulin levels, but they are insufficient to overcome the increased insulin needs caused by insulin resistance. | |
| endothelial dysfunction | |
| Abnormal function of endothelial cells that may be detected by reduced ability to stimulate vascular dilation in response to ischemia and/or sheer stress. Endothelial function is known to be abnormal in diabetes and may be an early step in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. | |
| endothelin | |
| A vasoconstricting polypeptide, produced by endothelial cells that also may function as a neurotransmitter. | |
| endothelium | |
| The layer of endothelial cells lining the cavities of the heart and of the blood and lymph systems. | |
| Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) | |
| The Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study is a long-term observational follow-up (mean 17 years) to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), which studied whether the use of intensive therapy as compared with conventional therapy affected the incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Ninety-seven percent of the original DCCT cohort joined the EDIC follow-up (N=1,394). | |
| epinephrine | |
| A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland during stress and when blood glucose levels are low. It has many actions, one of which is to counteracts the action of insulin by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver and the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. | |
| ESRD | |
| Abbreviation for end-stage renal disease. | |
| euglycemia | |
| A state of normal blood glucose concentration (also referred to as normoglycemia). | |
| euglycemic clamp studies | |
| Physiologic studies used to measure insulin resistance in a research setting, Insulin is infused to create matched insulin levels in all subjects. Glucose is infused to maintain matched glucose levels as well. Glucose requirements are used as a measure of insulin sensitivity. Clamps can be performed with isotope-labeled glucose to separately assess the effects of insulin on glucose production and glucose utilization. | |
| exchange lists | |
| Lists of foods—such as starch/bread, meat, vegetable, fruit, milk, and fat—and their quantity, which may be exchanged with other foods on the same list without changing the nutritional content of the diet. | |
| Exenatide | |
Exenatide is an injectable drug that reduces the level of glucose in the blood. It is used for treating type 2 diabetes. Exenatide belongs in a class of drugs called incretin mimetics. Exenatide (Byetta®) is indicated as adjunctive therapy to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 who are taking metformin, a sulfonylurea, a thiazolidinedione, a combination of metformin and a sulfonylurea, or a combination of metformin and a thiazolidinedione, but have not achieved adequate glycemic control. | |
| exogenous insulin | |
| Insulin administered by injection or infusion. | |
| Factor VIII | |
| Antihemophilic factor (AHF): A relatively storage-labile factor participating in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. | |
| fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | |
| Glucose concentration in plasma obtained after an 8 to 10 hours overnight fast An FPG level less than 100 mg/dL is normal; one of 101-26 mg/dL is impaired; and one greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL indicated diabetes if it is reproducible and not found during an acute illness. | |
| fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test | |
| The test is taken after fasting for 8 to 10 hours, typically overnight. An FPG level less than 110 mg/dL is normal; one between 110 and 126 mg/dL indicates impaired glucose tolerance; and one greater than 126 mg/dL supports a provisional diagnosis of diabetes. | |
| fenofibrate | |
| An oral medication of the fibrate class, it is mainly used with diet changes (restriction of cholesterol and fat intake) to reduce the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides (fatty substances) in blood. Like other fibrates, fenofibrate acts on PPAR-alpha to reduce cholesterol levels. | |
| FFA | |
| Abbreviation for free fatty acid. | |
| fibrin | |
| The insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the proteolytic action of thrombin during the normal clotting of blood. Fibrin forms the essential portion of blood clots. | |
| fibrinogen | |
| A coagulation protein in blood, also known as factor I, that is converted to fibrin by the action of an enzyme in blood thrombin. | |
| fibrinolysis | |
| The dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action. | |
| FIELD study | |
| Abbreviation for the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes study. In this study, investigators carried out a multinational, randomized controlled trial of 9,795 patients 50 to 75 years of age with type 2 diabetes. The patient population consisted of 2,131 individuals with previous CVD and 7,664 without. Following a placebo or fenofibrate run-in phase, patients were randomly assigned to treatment with micronized fenofibrate 200 mg daily (n=4,895) or to matching placebo (n=4,900). | |
| foam cell | |
| Lipid laden macrophages with a characteristic vacuolated appearance due to the presence of complex lipids; a component of atherosclerotic plaques. | |
| FPG | |
| Abbreviation for fasting plasma glucose. | |
| free fatty acid (FFA) | |
| The fraction of plasma fatty acids that is not in esterified form of glycerol esters. Also know as non-esterified fatty acids. | |
| gestational diabetes | |
| Carbohydrate intolerance that comes on or is first recognized during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes increases the risk of perinatal morbidity in the infant and the later development of diabetes in both infant and mother. | |
| GFR | |
| Abbreviation for glomerular filtration rate. | |
| GIP | |
| Abbreviation for glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. | |
| Glimepiride | |
| Glimepiride is an oral drug that is used for treating patients with type 2 diabetes. It belongs to the sulfonylurea class of drugs. | |
| Glimepiride | |
Sulfonylurea (Glimepiride:Amaryl; Glipizide:Glucotrol; Glyburide:DiaBeta, Micronase, Glynase) A type of oral antidiabetic drug that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreatic ß-cells. | |
| Glipizide | |
| Glipizide is an oral drug that is used for treating patients with type 2 diabetes. It belongs to the sulfonylurea class of drugs. | |
| glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | |
| A measure of the amount of urine filtered from the blood by the kidney in a given period of time. A | |